Gandhian Values

Gandhian Values and its Relevance to me as a Future Leader : Ajay Dixit (10BEC1007) Amidst the climate of pressure, brutality, contrasts of assessment, joblessness and expansion all inclusive, today the inquiry is being raised over and over about the pertinence of Gandhian way of thinking which depends on truth and peacefulness. In any case, the majority of the individuals who restrict Gandhi's considerations tragically are Indians and not outsiders. These individuals didn't feel the significance of Gandhian contemplations in any event, when he was alive. This sentiment of conflict with Gandhian way of thinking brought about his assassination.Society is experiencing a debased stage which ought to be denied so humankind continues in this world for a considerable length of time. Today when we are encircled by the powers of dimness, we need a pioneer like Gandhi, a man of uncommon mental fortitude, character, and mystique, who sets out to come clean, who can defeat viciousness with peac efulness, and who shows us the best approach to light. Gandhi and his twin standards of satya (truth) and ahimsa (peacefulness) are more pertinent today than some other time in mankind's history, and the Gandhian style of satyagraha is by all accounts the main powerful and down to earth, moral likeness war in these upset times.Gandhi said as well as indicated us the way that, â€Å"nonviolence is limitlessly better than violence,† and the spirit power is definitely more strong than the beast power. Gandhi was supportive of utilizing the contemplations against the arms and not the arms against the arms, to battle foul play and disparity. He gave a deadly implement to the mankind where there was no compelling reason to raise arms or make adversaries. He had confidence in changing the general public with his contemplations and not with the force or force.After the overwhelming annihilation of property and lives in the World War II, when there was nothing but bad in the war, fina lly in 1945, the United Nations Organization made affirmation as indicated by the considerations of Gandhi. That was, ‘war is no answer for any issue so all issues ought to be explained through common conversations'. All the individuals from the UNO marked this harmony proposition. Leader of United States, Obama, has been propelled by Mahatma Gandhi. Obama has fixed a representation of Mahatma Gandhi in his office, where he is seen passing on the message of peace.Obama is dazzled with those incredible methods of reasoning of Gandhi in which Gandhi roused the world society to confront the devastating approaches with quiet ones. Obama acknowledges Gandhi as his golden calf and took motivation from the image of Gandhi in his office. He says that this image of Gandhi consistently advises him that genuine outcomes don't originate from Washington however from people in general. Obama says that Gandhi was to choose another option while getting India liberated from the British princip le, and he chose fearlessness instead of fear.Obama, who discusses the Great change on the planet and discovers arrangement of the issues while following the way of peacefulness, is feeling the significance of Gandhian goals in this time of savagery and psychological oppression. Gandhi being an admirer of peacefulness obviously comprehended that brutality is no answer for any issue. As the psychological oppression and savagery are across the board on the planet today, there appears pertinence of Gandhian standards all over the place. Practically all the nations of the world including America are confronting the severest monetary downturn since World War II. Gandhiji was against the enormous businesses and was stressed over the expanding industrialization.He used to ring the arrangement of industrialization as ‘satanic set up'. Gandhi was of the sentiment that the industrialization set up depended on the misuse of man by man. The disparity will increment in the industrializatio n set up and there can't be equity. Today the expanding joblessness in India and more industrialization has helped the significance to remember Gandhian considerations. Remembering India for such huge numbers of nations today, little scope ventures, house enterprises and businesses run by the laborers are lying closed and the people engaged with such businesses have been seriously affected.Where ever such enterprises are running; the poor workers, normal man and the specialist bunches are not really ready to make a decent living. Gandhiji consistently thought about the government assistance of the poor as the focal point of the war of freedom. I figure the most ideal approach to teach our kids on Gandhian techniques is clarify the explanations behind viciousness on the planet, which is narrow mindedness of individuals that look/talk/carry on uniquely in contrast to us. Instructing them about the unity all things considered, paying little heed to race and strict decent variety. Addit ionally, we ought to teach our kids about the genuine message of world religions, and clarify how religion has een verifiably (and is right now being) misused for childish political and fear based oppressor plans. Today, individuals who are dynamic in legislative issues, mostly have the intention of increases by getting political force. The so said political pioneer ought to have power for social assistance or issues for improvement and progress or for destruction of absence of education and joblessness, for giving wellbeing administrations or to giving essential courtesies like streets, power and water. For these, they ought to go among the voters and complete help for the works by them. Precisely inverse, presently there are endeavors to get the force as ‘fruit' without doing any labour.The aftereffect of this easy route appropriation is that communalism and defilement is prospering all through India. Numerous different nations of the world are additionally feeling the warmt h of communalism and casteism. At certain spots, common mobs are induced only for mutual polarization and in this manner to make simple and early approach to control. At certain spots, contrasts of language, position and statement of faith are spread. At present, some intolerant pioneers of a specific state who are likewise heading local ideological groups in India are utilizing restricted contemplations to spread disdain against North Indians.It isn't a sort of work, work or activity yet a straightforward preliminary to get the outcome or ‘fruit' of intensity. Such individuals leave approaches, standards and even mankind. They don't spare a moment to take choices of the most reduced level just to get the insidious thought processes. Gandhi never took choices based on larger part. He looked all the networks similarly might be the Hindus, the Muslims, the Sikhs or the Christians or some other. His significant riches was his musings of harmony, love, concordance, truth and non-v iolence.But the individuals, whose legislative issues depended on communalism, maybe didn't care for his strategy of public amicability. At long last, a fundamentalist Hindu shot him. In any case, after his penance, his musings turned out to be increasingly well known. May be that, pundits of that extraordinary soul are more in number in India however every guest to India from a remote nation who might be a leader of the nation, visit Rajghat and pay tribute. Today, everywhere throughout the world, where there are harmony walks, all recollect Gandhi. So there is no denying that the musings of Gandhi are significant even at present and would remain until the end of time.

Taming Temper Tantrums Essay Example For Students

Restraining Temper Tantrums Essay Fits of rage are a typical piece of growing up. Babies arent terrible when they are having a fit of rage, they are simply behaving. Practically all kids between the ages of one and three have a couple of hissy fits. This equitable methods they have at last gotten their very own feeling independence. A hissy fit once in a while doesnt mean anything; there will undoubtedly be a few dissatisfactions. An amazing number of fits of rage are an aftereffect of weakness and hunger, or of placing a kid into a circumstance that surpasses their capacities for adapting. I wish I could give you one surefire approach to help take out or eleviate fits of rage, yet I cant. Like a large portion of the all the more testing practices of adolescence, this to will pass. Ive gave a few proposals to help limit fits. Nothing quickens the power of a fit of rage in excess of a stirred up parent. Seeing you lose your cool will just make it progressively hard for your little child to pull it together. Shouting over your little children shouts will just urge your baby to shout stronger. A delicate manner of speaking guarantees your little child that you are in charge. Falling back on physical discipline to end a fit of rage is a poorly conceived notion. You would just be rebuffing your kid for something that they cannot control. You likewise could lose yourself and exact genuine outrage on your kid. Shield your little child from risky environmental factors. Move the youngster who is genuinely wild to a setting that is more secure for everybody and everything. A few kids can be handily occupied during a fit of rage while others just get increasingly annoyed. On the off chance that your youngster can be diverted, have a go at perusing a most loved book or turn on a main tune. Talk at your little children level. It very well may be extremely scary to a small kid to have a greater individual remaining over them while they have lost control of themselves. Sitting on the floor will assist with night out the circumstance, making it simpler to speak with your kid. Frequently the best game-plan, is no activity by any means. Keep on continuing on ahead creation an exceptionally cognizant exertion to overlook the circumstance. In the end your little child will understand that its simply no amusing to get stirred up when nobody is viewing. Clearly, disregarding a fit of rage is certainly not a possible alternative while you are in a store or open spot. See beneath for more data on the best way to deal with an open fit. For certain kids, particularly the m ore seasoned ones, a break gives a truly necessary chilling period. This will give them the levelheadedness that they have to assume responsibility for themselves and the circumstance. As much as we as a whole fear the idea of an open fit of rage (and it happens to potentially anyone!) they will definitely occur at once or another. Here are a few hints on the best way to deal with the circumstance. Dodge open excursions when your little child is particularly inclined to having a fit of rage. An eager, worn out, exhausted or overextended youngster is a catastrophe waiting to happen. Commendation your kid for good conduct at whatever point you get back home from a fit free excursion. While out in broad daylight and you can detect a fit of rage really taking shape, attempt a fast difference in subject. In the event that interruption isnt the key, have a go at moving your little child to an increasingly private spot. Get him immovably, not fiercely, and convey him somewhere else. Headin g outside or to a washroom should work. On the off chance that your baby is utilized to a break, give her one at this point. Because you are in open doesnt mean you should change your control conduct. In the event that you dont finish a similar order as you would in a progressively private spot this will just urge your kid to make trouble in open all the more regularly. Your kid ought to be kept on target with immovability, consistency and all the more critically, love. We will compose a custom paper on Taming Temper Tantrums explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256 , .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256 .postImageUrl , .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256 , .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256:hover , .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256:visited , .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256:active { border:0!important; } .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256:active , .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256:hover { murkiness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: rela tive; } .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content beautification: underline; } .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content design: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uafe6fb7ab90df71 fa17b48cde8f0e256 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Ancient Advances In Mathematics Essay Request now Shockingly a few people really have nothing preferable to do over to examine the child rearing aptitudes of another. Figure out how to disregard the beaty eyes when you are in this circumstance. This fit is between your little child and youno one else. Focus on the job needing to be done and keep your cool. Regardless of how enticed you might be, don't surrender to your little children requests just to recover some harmony. Doing so will simply take care of and support the following fit. At the point when the fits of rage over, let it go. In the event that your little child figures out how to pull it together rapidly, offer acclaim. Dont go over the fit of rage or talk your youngster about it. Numerous babies appreciate being held after a fit of rage, as a consolation of your affection for them. Reference index:

Techniques of Phacoemulsification

Methods of Phacoemulsification Phacoemulsification is the favored method of waterfall medical procedure today and considered better than different modes in view of the lesser careful time, better post-usable outcomes, lower prompted astigmatism and expedient visual restoration. Cornea is a straightforward structure and upkeep of straightforwardness is ascribed to the hindrance work and the dynamic liquid siphon of the corneal endothelium. Endothelial harm during medical procedure is considered as a significant parameters of careful injury. Endothelial cell thickness diminishes at a more prominent rate after waterfall medical procedure than it does in solid, unoperated corneas. Corneal endothelial cells are non-isolating cells; consequently having constraining regenerative limit following careful injury. Corneal endothelial cell misfortune during medical procedure is influenced by various factors like water system arrangement choppiness, direct mechanical injury by instrument, atomic pieces, IOL contact; heat created during phacoemulsification can harm corneal endothelium during waterfall medical procedure. In an examination done by Hayashi K et al in 1996 they attempted to recognize the hazard factors for corneal endothelial injury. They deduced in this examination that more seasoned age, little understudy breadth, high core grade, huge core, more noteworthy imbuement volume, kind of IOL embedded, and a more noteworthy measure of ultrasound vitality utilized during medical procedure were related with endothelial cell misfortune. Further investigations did to recognize factors influencing measure of endothelial cell misfortune which are identified with different parameter of machine just as method of medical procedure. These factors additionally included therapeutic substance utilized during medical procedure like inundating liquid, sort of viscoelastic substance utilized. The greater part of the examinations showed that endothelial cell misfortune is identified with the more ultrasound vitality utilized, measure of flooding liquid or mechanical injury by any mean. Site of cut, kind of viscoelastic and inundating liquid has less connection with measure of endothelial cell misfortune. In spite of the fact that in uncommon conditions alteration of these factors helps in showing signs of improvement result of medical procedure. In the event that we talk about the strategy of phacoemulsification there are different nucleotomy procedures which are portrayed. Each strategy is interesting in its application so it affects measure of endothelial cell misfortune happened because of careful injury. In this examination we deciphered the impact of two sorts of nucleotomy methods separate and vanquish versus direct slash on endothelial cell misfortune. 60 eyes of 60 patients who experienced waterfall medical procedure by these two distinct methods were remembered for the investigation and measure of endothelial cell misfortune was estimated and thought about in two gatherings. All medical procedures were performed by same specialist and all other parameter and factors were kept steady like evaluation of atomic sclerosis, kind of machine utilized, sort of flooding liquid, viscoelastic and sort of back chamber intraocular focal point embedded. Study subjects were separated into two gatherings, Group1 incorporated the patients who experienced phacoemulsification by isolate and overcome method and Group 2 included patient who experienced phacoemulsification by diect hack strategy. The mean time of patients in group1 was 62.13 + 7.03 (SD) years and in bunch 2 was 61.77 + 8.37 (SD) years . The evaluation of atomic sclerosis, reviewed by contrasting and LOCS III diagram was Grade 2 in every one of according to the 60 selected patients. In bunch 1, 17 were male and 13 were females 18 were RE and 12 were LE. The middle pre-employable specular include in this gathering was 2091 cells/mm2 with a mean specular tally of cells/mm2(SD ). In bunch 2, 18 were male and 12 were females 16 were RE and 14 were LE. The middle pre-employable specular include in this gathering was 2037 cells/mm2 with a mean specular tally of cells/mm2(SD ). The intra-employable parameters evaluated in therefore study were two, the liquid volume utilized and the compelling phaco time. In bunch 1 the normal liquid volume utilized was 145.67 mL (SD 16.34 ). The normal Effective phaco time was 14.70 sec (SD 2.77). In bunch 2 the normal liquid volume utilized was 137.33 mL (SD 10.80). The normal Effective phaco time was 12.67 sec (SD 2.34) Corneal endothelial cell tallies were assessed at multi week, a month and 12 weeks post-operatively in the two gatherings. Endothelial cell misfortune was determined in this arrangement as the contrast between the pre-usable specular tally and the specular check at 12 weeks. Further, the Endothelial cell misfortune (%) was determined as: ECL (%) = Pre-operation specular tally Post operation check at 12 weeks x 100 Pre-operation specular tally The mean endothelial cell misfortune in group1 was 489 cells/mm2(SD 133.44).. The normal endothelial cell misfortune (%) in group1 was 21.5%. The mean endothelial cell misfortune in group1 was 489 cells/mm2(SD 133.44).. The normal endothelial cell misfortune (%) in group1 was 21.5%. The endothelial cell misfortune was investigated measurably and its relationship to, viable phaco time and liquid volume was contemplated. In this investigation, the subsequent period was 3 months in light of the fact that Beltrame et al52 and other workers53, 54 have established that a 3-month time frame was adequate to permit steady and complete endothelial injury mending. In this investigation, the factors were examined regarding their impact on the result utilizing fitting tests for factual centrality (SPSS17.0).Effective phaco time and liquid volume utilized demonstrated a solid positive connection to the endothelial cell misfortune (p-esteem <0.001). Thomas Kohnen, Burkhard Dick et al detailed a direct straight connection among ECL and Ultrasound time (UST) for example ECL expanded as UST expanded. Different examinations have embroiled liquid volume as a factor. Our examination shows a positive connection between's powerful phaco time and liquid volume with endothelial cell misfortune. Effat A. Elnaby et al assessed the impacts of phacoemulsification time on the corneal endothelium utilizing Phaco Prechop (bunch A) versus Divide and Conquer (Group B). The mean cell misfortune in bunch A was 13.86% and 17.72% in Group B, separately. The mean cell misfortune in our examination contrast in the two gatherings, It was 22.7% in bunch 1and 15.7% in bunch 2. This distinction imply that partition and overcome procedure is related with more measure of endothelial cell misfortune contrasted with direct hack method. Our investigation results fit in with the distributed information of different examinations as to the job of phacoemulsification time and liquid volume utilized. The positive relationship between's the factors contemplated (compelling phaco time and liquid volume utilized) and the result for example corneal endothelial cell misfortune features the significance and job of these variables with respect to endothelial cell misfortune in phacoemulsification. Of the 60 cases contemplated, there were no significant post-employable difficulties in any of the cases. Three patients required post-usable topical beta-blockers for raised IOP which settled more than about fourteen days. The last visual result in our investigation was agreeable and no distinction was found in the two gatherings as far as post-employable visual result. The consequences of our examination matches with the finding of different investigations done beforehand concerning hazard factors for endothelial cell misfortune in phacoemulsification. These elements are progressively vital in patients with poor corneal endothelium cell check because of maturing or auxiliary to other corneal pathology. The potential restrictions of our examination incorporate the absence of randomization between two gatherings and the idea of study was observational and just atomic sclerosis grade 2 were incorporated to keep up the indistinguishable trademark in the two gatherings. Subjective examination of specular include was not done in this investigation. Future examinations might analyze diverse nucleotomy methods other at that point thought about in this investigation among randomized gatherings.

Tips on How to Research Scholarships For You

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What You Should Do to Find Out About Interesting Ideas for Research Paper Topics Before Youre Left Behind

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Writing Topics For Literary Research Papers

<h1>Writing Topics For Literary Research Papers</h1><p>Writing an artistic research paper isn't as hard as you might suspect. The journalists who don't have the desire to be in magazines and papers frequently fear the errand of doing research for an artistic research paper. They get the inclination that they are going to understand exhausting, horrendous stuff like articles about book surveys. In spite of the fact that I will concede, there is a great deal of perusing in the writing office, it doesn't imply that it is hard.</p><p></p><p>The thing is, subjects can be very straightforward but then fascinating. We have all known about 'The Crucible'. It was a famous play in Shakespeare's time and the primary at any point known occurrence of an abstract research paper was composed by Robert Holmes. It was fundamentally an endeavor to demonstrate that Hammurabi didn't slaughter the First King of Babylon and that Shakespeare was without a doubt the child of a troubadour. One case of this is the place he considered the book titled 'The Poetaster' and arrived at the resolution that it was composed by his father!</p><p></p><p>However, the vast majority of us, particularly numerous individuals, as to peruse books on a theme that they know something about. Also, the exact opposite thing you need to do is to compose an examination paper without knowing about the theme. This is the reason abstract research papers ought to contain great topic.</p><p></p><p>I find that themes that will intrigue perusers are more qualified for an artistic research paper. For instance, I imagine that books that are about a nation's way of life would be better than books that manage religion or politics.</p><p></p><p>I have composed numerous articles in these fields and my data is chiefly from innovative businesses. In some cases I even gain so much from books and narratives and I ha ve additionally utilized books to educate myself.</p><p></p><p>There are numerous points that are beyond reach for an open segment like academe. You can't make reference to in an article about ebb and flow issues in world legislative issues that are the subject of the ebb and flow look into paper. In such cases, you have to dig into subjects that may show up in a future publication.</p><p></p><p>The bit of leeway of doing research for a scholarly research paper is that you know the assessment of the subject and you know where it originates from. To have the option to answer the pundits, you should put some time and information into inquire about. It isn't in every case simple, however it can present to you a ton of benefits.</p><p></p><p>The most significant advantage is that you will be offered the chance to response the inquiry; is everything valid? That is the reason, we have to realize how to begin composing for artistic research papers. The most straightforward route is to go on the web and see what you can discover. From that point forward, you will have an exceptionally away from of the stuff to do a decent scholarly paper.</p>

Top Suffolk College Essay Secrets

<h1> Top Suffolk College Essay Secrets </h1> <p>All transcripts may be sent electronically. Composing abilities in school isn't confined to expositions. If it's not too much trouble note that a couple of these school article models could be reacting to prompts that are done being utilized. Try not to reorder the specific paper for every single school. </p> <p>Bridget's exposition is incredibly solid, yet there keep on being a couple easily overlooked details that could be improved. Presently you should filter through the entirety of your notes to find the three to five things that really address you. One of indisputably the most inconvenient things recorded as a hard copy articles is making a fabulous title. Try not to be worried about reexamining your paper. </p> <p>If you disregard to stick to the exceptionally basic MLA (Modern Language Association) guidelines on how best to arrange your papers, the analysts will accept that you don't have the ability to adhere to basic directions appropriately. Indeed, even in the occasion the cutoff time is exceptionally close, don't hesitate to get hold of our directors. To ensure an opportune survey of your application, it is smarter to act early. More to the point, you need to do well to get a solid application. </p> <p>Choosing our administration, you will underst and that considering can be straightforward on the off chance that you gain from the assistance of capable specialists. For instance, say you truly need the chance to gain from the world-popular Professor X. In any event a half year before applying, you despite everything need to doublecheck simply to verify, which implies you have adequate time to pick the test.</p> <p>There's no excessively direct or excessively hard endeavor for us. Along these lines, there's no compelling reason to worry about somebody mentioning a discount. You defer any correct you may need to get explicit notification of such alterations or changes. Clarify the auto association better. </p> <p>Whenever you decide to approach us for master help, don't spare a moment to address our help supervisors. We present to you the absolute best exposition composing administration audits so you know accurately what's in store before really setting your buy. The subtleties really make this little experience wake up. As an end, our gathering of talented specialists additionally gives a last decision which will assist you with settling on a very much educated decision. </p> <h2> Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Suffolk College Essay Is Wrong </h2> <p>Basically, the affirmations people wish to comprehend why their school is of explicit enthusiasm to you. Self-taught candidates need to present all the application materials important for first year recruit candidates, including government sanctioned grades, an individual articulation, and a transcript. It is vital to recall that a couple of these announcements may be utilizing prompts that are not, at this point acknowledged by schools. </p> <p>There are bunches of university establishments all through the States. Schools distribute parts and a great deal of particular sorts of things, any of which is valuable for inquire about. Miserable to state, the Medical College needs more assets for the development of my ventures. </p> <p>Perhaps right presently you're attempting to enter the school that you long for. A prepared proficient will make a blunder free task rapidly and can assist you with boosting your evaluations. It's currently the country's chief student 15-a-side rugby competition. Inside my conclusion, a flourishing understudy is someone who needs to learn as well as to make something new. </p> <p>We'll manage them, and at a reasonable cost, as we comprehend that understudies normally don't have a lot of cash to save. Educational cost is dependent upon the assortment of school credits the program is allocated. The program isn't proposed for or focused to anyone beneath the age of 16. Early College Program contacts or better school advocates should than be talked with to see which courses are being provided through the program at the school for the moving toward semester. </p>

How to Choose Personal College Application Essay Samples

<h1>How to Choose Personal College Application Essay Samples</h1><p>Personal school article tests are normal, and they can help your odds when you present your expositions. It isn't important to steal or distort yourself so as to get acknowledged. You should give substantial, proper data that will genuinely mirror your character.</p><p></p><p>There are different reasons why individuals compose. Some compose for the sake of entertainment and others need to improve their composing aptitudes. Now and again, individuals need to communicate their perspectives about a specific subject. Whatever the explanation, there are paper tests you can utilize that will assist you with coming to your goals.</p><p></p><p>The first decision you have when you are picking a school application individual exposition is to enlist a professional writer. These journalists are people who write in their extra an ideal opportunity for an expense. A portion of these journalists offer examples of their work to planned clients.</p><p></p><p>Second, in the event that you can't bear the cost of an author, there are some article tests you can discover on the web. These remember articles for a wide assortment of subjects. The examples are made by programming, which will permit you to create your own exposition. This implies you don't need to stress over syntax or accentuation mistakes.</p><p></p><p>For the individuals who are accustomed to composing, these expositions may appear to be an errand. The truth of the matter is, they are very simple. Your school entrance advisory board individuals will welcome that you set aside the effort to make a unique article on their significant issue.</p><p></p><p>Third, you can contact universities and colleges that you are keen on applying to. You can get some exposition tests and inquire as to whether they have any recommend ations for you. You can likewise check the indexes of expert associations like APA (American Psychological Association), MLA (Mental Science Literature Association), and NASPA (National Association of Scholars).</p><p></p><p>The fourth and last decision you have when composing a school application paper is to look for outside assistance. You can exploit associations that offer administrations that help understudies improve their expositions. A large number of these administrations will likewise pay you to compose your essay.</p><p></p><p>If you are one of the numerous individuals who are battling with their school application individual paper, there are ways you can move beyond the hindrances. Consider the over four alternatives and you will be well headed to composing an astounding essay.</p>

What You Dont Know About College Essay for Admission Samples Could Be Costing to More Than You Think

<h1>What You Don't Know About College Essay for Admission Samples Could Be Costing to More Than You Think </h1> <p>If you truly want to obtain confirmation in a particular school, the College Scholarship Essay Examples can help you in your paper that will show your longing to go for an advanced degree. Your school article ought to contain data that are identified with the guidance gave to you. Composing a school affirmation paper can be very intense. Composing a magnificent school confirmation exposition requires a great deal of inventiveness. </p> <p>The cost of an exposition rides on the aggregate sum of exertion the author needs to apply. The greater part of the article utilizes standard English and English language structure. Your exposition is a particular impression of who you are as a person. Notwithstanding uncommon evaluations, an inadequately composed article furnishes you with a poor name. </p> <p>Please note that a couple of these school paper models may be reacting to prompts that are done being utilized. In the event that you are needing a very much made paper, at that point you can rely upon us to convey. Additionally, on the off chance that you have a paper which you are satisfied with and couldn't want anything more than to impart to other people, don't stop for a second to address us with it and well distribute it with your attribution. Before you start composing your school paper, you may need to see the article examplesA that we've recorded for you, so you may have more thought on what things to place in the school exposition which you will make. </p> <p>Plan your exposition structure before you initiate composing it. Or on the other hand you can see 18 papers all on a solitary page. Composing a paper must be upsetting. Offer a paper regarding any matter of your pick. </p> <p>In along these lines, you'll see it easier to structure the substance of your exposition. Bridget's paper is amazingly solid, however there keep on being a couple seemingly insignificant details that could be improved. Stephen's exposition is very viable. All magnificent individual articles contain this significant component. </p> <h2> Up in Arms About College Essay for Admission Samples?</h2> <p>If you don't know about any part of the prerequisites, you have to counsel the APA Style Guide distributed for open utilize on the web. Papers are your absolute best companion. So you don't really need to get a theme! To achieve this, the Sample Essays can give the genuinely necessary guidelines.</p> <h2> The Tried and True Method for College Essay for Admission Samples in Step by Step Detail </h2> <p>If you will compose school confirmation exposition completely on your own at that point don't neglect the suitable structure of the pape r. On the off chance that you watch these 3 straightforward thoughts, you can compose a confirmations composing papers will permit you to make a spot in the nursing project of your choice. A solid article can give you the absolute best chance to get in the school that you long for. Building up an awesome school article can lose its motivation in the occasion the substance of what you've composed isn't what the college is requesting. </p> <p>Possessing a perfectly clear and organized arrangement is the establishment for any unrivaled piece of composing, and a school exposition isn't any extraordinary. In this way, the paper should harmonize with the candidate's characteristics and interests with the goal for it to help the conceivable outcomes of affirmation. Aside from the circumstances that you ought to consistently recollect, moreover, there are a few things which you shouldn't do while making the substance of your school paper. The following is a guide which should assist you with finding extraordinary example school affirmation expositions for motivation and thoughts regarding how to utilize them to form your own introductory letter. </p> <p>Nursing schools need to comprehend that they're tolerating competitors that can possibly produce a distinction. Fortunately, should you not comprehend where to start, you can look into a secondary school or college alumni affirmations article test from our site. In the event that you wish to make a school paper which works, you need to give significance on the substance you will give the confirmations official of your planned college with. The nursing school confirmation exposition is a pivotal bit of the application method. </p> <h2>The Nuiances of College Essay for Admission Samples </h2> <p>If you're starting to feel baffled or overpowered by your article, take a rest and accomplish something else. You most likely have real interests that you can introduce in an enrapturing way, so make certain to maintain the truth. Now and again, more profound reflection can help you in finding a much more noteworthy subject to expound on than your absolute first motivation. A mess of people feel overpowered with making an eBook. </p>

The Cruelty That Is Endured During Animal Testing

The cruelty that is endured during animal testing The testing of animals in the cosmetic industry is purely inhumane, due to the fact that the benefit of testing does not prove to be as useful to offset the negative impact it has on animals, or offset the value of alternatives testing. â€Å"The thinking, feeling animals who are used in experiments are treated like nothing more than disposable laboratory equipment.† The scientist testing on animals should not treat animals like they are not living, conscious beings. The amount of suffering inflicted upon animals is inessential and repugnant for the selfish purpose of humans to increase their physical appearance; it is not a necessity for people to change their appearance through cosmetics. A law should be passed to outlaw the testing being done on animals for cosmetic purposes because there are alternatives that are more effective, cheaper, and humane then testing on animals. Animals are being treated without any compassion, scientist are treating them like they a re some toys for the enjoyment of many individuals. One of the tests being carried out on animals is to force animals to inhale or eat cosmetic ingredients and if they do not die from the experiment then they are killed. Murder is against the law; it should not be excused simply because of the species being killed. Theoretically speaking if the role were to switch and it was humans that were tested, people would feel outraged and would be resentful towardsShow MoreRelatedAnimal Experimentation Should Not Be Banned857 Words   |  4 Pagesmeaning about animal experimentation. Animal experimentation is the use of animals, mostly monkeys, on research. Reason being as to why monkeys is because monkeys are far more intelligent than other animals. Animals are stripped from the environment and are tested on so scientists can make products safe for humans. The big problem is that it is inhumane. Animal experimentation should and needs to be stopped because it is cruel, unethical, and not reliable. Having scientists test on animals is cruelRead MoreConsumerism Driven By Capitalistic Greed Essay1235 Words   |  5 Pageschemicals can disrupt our human health, but even more alarming the impact is has on our animals, and the environment as a whole. Many of us feel a bit hopeless because we believe we cannot escape the consumption of harmful chemicals. There are several approaches that we can take, such as minimizing our exposure to chemicals that may be potentially harmful, invest in plant-based products, and choose cruelty free. There are brands that support the ideals that we would like to see in out society.Read MoreRachel Pollock. March 1, 2017. Essay #2. Writ 122: Jennifer1078 Words   |  5 PagesFoster Animal Testing Is Inhumane and Ineffective The harmful use of animals in experiments is not only cruel and inhumane but also often ineffective. Animals do not get many of the human diseases that people do, such as major types of heart disease, many types of cancer, HIV, Parkinson’s disease, or schizophrenia. There have been past occasions where drugs passed on animals weren’t even safe. There is no excuse for animal testing in today’s techy world, there are now many alternatives for animal testingRead MoreAnimal Testing: A True Ethical Dilemma Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pagesis the life of a laboratory animal. Animal testing is the use of animals for scientific research purposes and experiments. It can be used for the findings of cures and medicines to testing new drugs, to understanding the behavioral psychology of the animals themselves. â€Å"Around fifty to one hundred million vertebrate animals, ranging from fish to primates, are used in experiments each year† (Lloyd). There are many different terms used to describe the research on animals but two main ideas. In vivoRead MoreHow Could One Not Feel Guilty When Looking Into A Test937 Words   |  4 Pagessuffering that they have endured? Over 75-100 million animals are used for scientific and medical research per year. (Baumans) Animals should not be used for scientific and medical research because it is unethical, humans and animals are not genetically identical resulting in failed tests, and there are other techniques to conduct research. â€Å"Killing by carbon dioxide asphyxiation, neck-breaking, decapitation, and other means† (qtd. ProCon) are all results of what happens to the animals after they have fulfilledRead MoreBanning Cosmetic Animal Testing Should Not Be Banned2375 Words   |  10 PagesBanning Cosmetic Animal Testing â€Å"If you want to test cosmetics, why do it on some poor animal who hasn t done anything? They should use prisoners who have been convicted of murder or rape instead. So, rather than seeing if perfume irritates a bunny rabbit s eye, they should throw it in Charles Manson s eyes and ask him if it hurts† (Ellen DeGeneres). Animal testing has been dated back to the Greeks in the 2nd and 4th centuries BCE, but cosmetic animal testing did not begin untilRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing1502 Words   |  7 Pagesthat animal testing is beneficial to the advancement of human knowledge, while animal rights’ activists claim that animal testing is not humane and violates animals’ rights. The controversy over animal testing is best understood as a disagreement about whether animal testing is beneficial to humans. Each year more than 100 million animals are killed in the U.S. Every country has a law that permits medical experimentation on animals. While so me countries protect particular kinds of animals fromRead MoreAnimal Experimentation For Medical And Cosmetic1637 Words   |  7 PagesEvery year, more than 100,000,000   animals, containing mice, rats, frogs, dogs, cats, rabbits, hamsters, guinea pigs, monkeys, fish, and birds die in the United States facilities for the use of chemical, food, drug, and cosmetics testing (PETA). Animal experimentation pertains to the experiments and procedures that are performed on living animals for insight into many diseases, the effectiveness of new medications, examining   the health effects on humans because of   products, environmental safetyRead MoreEssay Ethical Treatment of Animals2101 Words   |  9 PagesIf animals dont have rights, does it follow that it is right to treat them however we like? Discuss in relation to at least two approaches to normative ethics. Humans are superior, non-human animals are inferior. Animals were put here as the playthings of humans, for us to do with what we want. We are able to farm them and control them, we can change their genetics and what they look like, animals have no minds of their own. We eat them, race them and catch them for sport. We even refer to undesirableRead MoreThe Issue Of Animal Testing1772 Words   |  8 PagesIn Regent Street in London’s West End, a performance was staged in a Lush cosmetics store window. In a revolutionary step towards the elimination of animal testing, artist and activist Jacqueline Traide collaborated with Lush to present a disturbing display of the potential circumstances of animal testing. Traide was dragged across the floor, had her mouth stretched open with hooks, was force-fed, had ‘scientists’ give her injections, had her hair shaved off, and had products tested on her skin and

Shakespeares Othello and Uncontrolled Jealousys Essay Example For Students

Shakespeares Othello and Uncontrolled Jealousys Essay Othello and Uncontrolled Jealousy  Ã‚      Dominating the protagonist in William Shakespeare’s tragedy Othello is the passion of sexual jealousy. Dominating the antagonist is another type of jealousy toward Cassio, and hatred toward the general. Let us look closely at the concept of jealousy as it is revealed in this drama. Lily B. Campbell in Shakespeare’s Tragic Heroes definitively categorizes Othello as a â€Å"study in jealousy†: Othello has suffered less in its modern interpretation than any other of Shakespeare’s tragedies, it would seem. So insistently did Shakespeare keep this tragedy unified about the theme of jealousy and the central victims of the passion, so obviously did he mould his plot about the black Moor and the cunning Iago and the victims of their jealousy that no interpreter has been able to ignore the obvious intention of the author. Yet if we study the contemporary interpretations of the passion here portrayed, we find that Shakespeare was following in detail a broader and more significant analysis of the passion than has in modern days been understood. The play is, however, clearly a study in jealousy and in jealousy as it affects those of different races. (148) Can we narrow down the concept of jealousy in this play to a specific type? Helen Gardner in â€Å"Othello: A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune† sees this play as a study in sexual jealousy: Othello is not a study in pride, egoism, or self-deception: its subject is sexual jealousy, loss of faith in a form which involves the whole personality at the profound point where body meets spirit. The solution which Othello cannot accept is Iago’s: ‘Put up with it.’ This is as impossible as that Hamlet should, like Claudius, behave as if the past were don. .TED Bevington, David, ed. William Shakespeare: Four Tragedies. New York: Bantam Books, 1980. Campbell, Lily B. Shakespeare’s Tragic Heroes. New York: Barnes and Noble, Inc., 1970. Ferguson, Francis. â€Å"Two Worldviews Echo Each Other.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Shakespeare: The Pattern in His Carpet. N.p.: n. p., 1970. Gardner, Helen. â€Å"Othello: A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from â€Å"The Noble Moor.† British Academy Lectures, no. 9, 1955. Jorgensen, Paul A. William Shakespeare: The Tragedies. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1985. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.

The Awakening - The Birds, The Lovers And The Widow Essays

The Awakening - The Birds, The Lovers And The Widow In the novel, The Awakening there are several motifs or images that assist in developing Edna Pontellier in her awakening, the birds, the lovers and the woman and black all prove to be important parts in this. It is significant that The Awakening opens with two caged birds. Throughout the novel, Edna feels that marriage enslaves her to an identity she for which she is not suited. The parrot is an expensive bird valued for its beauty. The mockingbird is fairly common and plain, and it is valued for the music it provides. These two birds function as metaphors for the position of women in late Victorian society. Women are valued for their physical appearance and the entertainment they can provide for the men in their lives. Like parrots, they are not expected to voice opinions of their own, but to repeat the opinions that social convention defines as proper or respectable. The parrot shrieks Go away! Damnation! These are the first lines of The Awakening, and they signal the essentially tragic nature of the novel. The parrot speaks French, a little Spanish, and a language which nobody understood. Again, the parrot serves as a metaphor for Edna's predicament. As she becomes more defiant, she voices unconventional opinions about the sacred institutions of marriage, gender, and motherhood. Later in the novel, Mademoiselle uses wings as a metaphor for Edna's decision to defy social conventions. She warns Edna, 138 When she asks where Edna wants to soar, she means to ask Edna if she is sure that she can escape her gilded cage. If she fails, she will become one of the sad spectacles of the birds that fail. At the end of the novel, a bird with a broken wing sinks into the surf. The bird symbolizes Edna's failure to achieve the very goal that has driven her actions the entire time. In the end, Edna's freedom takes place in death. This is the choice that social convention allows her. Throughout the entire novel, the two young lovers are usually represented in conjunction with the woman in black. The two lovers are important symbols in The Awakening. Since the lovers always appear in conjunction with the woman in black, they foreshadow the eventual failure of Robert and Edna's love for one another. The contrast between the woman in black and the young lovers has a symbolic relationship to the love between Robert and Edna. The woman in black represents the logical conclusion to the conventional woman's life if her husband dies first. However, there is no old couple to represent Robert and Edna's contented futures. Therefore, the lovers and the woman in black foreshadow the failure of their love. Furthermore, there is no figure to symbolize the old age of the rebellious woman represented in Edna. The absence of this figure foreshadows Edna's suicide at the end of the novel. It implies that Edna must choose between conforming to social conventions or disappearing fro m the symbolic scene of the stages of a Victorian woman's life. English Essays

Abortion Ethics Essay Sample

Abortion Ethics Essay Sample Abortion Ethics Essay The abortion debate has been in the mainstream media for a long time now. Since the Roe vs. Wade case in 1973, there emerged two factions (pro-choice and pro-life) that have always held disputing arguments over the issue of abortion. These two have continued to disagree long after the Supreme Court made their decision in 1973. People in the pro-choice group believe that the right to abortion is a woman’s choice and the final decision must always be with her. Their stance is based on the argument that women have the right to decide over their bodies and therefore, should be left to make the choice. Conversely, the pro-life faction believes that it is unethical and immoral to terminate a pregnancy. To them, abortion is synonymous to killing because it helps end the life of a human organism. The arguments presented are indeed valid and cannot be easily ignored. Currently, with technology advancing at a high rate, the process of abortion has become easy and less painful. However, is it ethical or moral? Another question that needs clarification are fetuses people and do they have the same rights as people? The answer to the second question is the most important and should help to shed light on the first question. First of all, a fetus is a human organism and comparing it to cells is wrong. Each fetus translates to a life and terminating one is the same as ending the life of another person. People in the pro-choice category believe that women have a right to decide what happens to their bodies. While this point does indeed make sense, it should never be a case for abortion. The above is because we consider killing a crime and the same way it is wrong to kill a person now, it should also be wrong to kill one early or during the fetal stage. Human beings develop but never change. We are and have always been the same organism throughout our existence and therefore, just like it is wrong to kill us now, it should warrant punishment to terminate a pregnancy. Pro-choicers often argue against the above notion by saying that we are not the same and have, currently, developed complex functionalities compared to how we were before. However, the truth is, we remain the same being regardless of how much w e develop. Who is a person and why should or at what stage of our life should one be considered a person. The universal belief of personhood holds that a person has a certain moral status which must never be breached or violated unless the measures involved are extreme. It is often argued that it is wrong to kill a person because it would rob them off their future, relationships, and future accomplishments. Some philosophers argue that the need to fulfill certain goals in life as well as experience our lives is what makes us persons. Pro-choicers often use this argument to argue that a fetus does not qualify to be considered a person because they do not yet hold the capacity to yearn for their future. However, the above sentiment forms the argument of shunning abortion because the world should, therefore, strive to let the fetuses develop. Terminating a pregnancy steals the future, future experiences and accomplishments, and relationships for a person. Just like we have developed to the point o f yearning and pursuing our goals, fetuses should also be left to develop to the same point. Finally, fetuses do have a right to life just like a fully grown person. The same way the women have a right to their bodies is exactly the same way that fetuses have a right to live. Babies need their mothers or special attention especially at the early stages of their lives. They cannot survive on their own and therefore, have to be fed and taken care of. As dependent as they are on other people, babies are said to have a right to life. Fetuses, on the other hand, are said to lack the right to life. However, the above should not be the case because they just like babies, fetuses are at stages of development where they are dependent on women. Therefore, they do possess a right to live. The pro-life and pro-choice lot never see eye-to-eye on a number of occasions. However, they often agree that abortion should be allowed on a number of occasions. For example, when the life of the mother is at stake when the child would be born with complications, if the conception is as a result of rape or sexual abuse, etc. These arguments are indeed valid and mainly represent the one time that pro-choicers and pro-lifers agree. In conclusion, abortion is indeed ethically wrong and should warrant punishment. While it should be allowed on a number of occasions, it should not be left to the women to decide whether it is okay or not. Fetuses are developing and terminating a pregnancy robs them off their future experiences, accomplishments, and relationships.

Influence of family on children Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Influence of family on children - Research Paper Example The reason behind the role of families in influencing children is explained by the attachment theory. This theory suggests that children derive most of their emotional resources from their interaction with their family members and obtain knowledge and/or awareness regarding the working models of relationships based on the type of ties they develop with their parents. It has been claimed by various researchers that one of the key reasons why families have a strong influence on the children is the fact that the children are strongly attached to their caregivers during their initial years and their relationship with their caregivers is known to affect the manner in which they react to external stimuli and interact with their peers and those around them (Spodek and Saracho, 2006). The structure of family also is one of the several key factors that play a key role in influencing children. According to the family instability perspective - a sociological theory, it is suggested that children of divorced or separated parents have a strong negative impact on the children. The instability hypothesis suggests that the structure of a family shapes the children’s' view of the real world outside their families and help them in adjusting with their external environment. Children of separated or divorced parents are known to face difficulties in coping with cohabitation. It has been observed that households with low socio-economic backgrounds tend to influence their children by instilling some crucial skills. which may prove to be helpful to them in adapting to different work environments. This includes gaining critical skills which may help them shape their creativity and foster a sense of initiative which is imperative for professionals and white-collar workers. Such families deliberately instill values such as obedience to authoritative figures since it is perceived as a critical skill, based on their own personal experiences (Sigelman and Rider, 2011). Research have indicated that children who grow up in divorced households are typically devoid of the conventional parenting i.e. receiving attention and care by their parent, usually fathers, who are

Argumentative Problem - Solution Paper Research

Argumentative Problem - Solution - Research Paper Example Key words: Deforestation, climate change, greenhouse effects and gases, and global warming Introduction The last 100 years have experienced an increase in global temperature by approximately 1 Fahrenheit per year, this rate is twice that observed in the last thousand years. The average energy linked carbon dioxide release according to the Pew Center on Climate Change, have risen by over 130 percent since 1850; from two hundred million to 27 billion tons per year. This is projected to rise by a further 60 percent by 2030 (Afzal, p. 1). The Arctic and Antarctic ice caps are shrinking, the ice on mountain tops is melting, and the permafrost at the arctic is thawing. Scientific uncertainty exists concerning the severity and speed of global warming and climate modifications. Global warming is occurring for sure, and the health impact of this phenomenon will certainly necessitate informed responses by healthcare professions (Gray, p. 6-10). Overview of Climate Change and Global Warming Gre enhouse effects influence global warming. Greenhouse effects describe the rise in earth’s temperature due to the presence of such gases as methane, and carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere. ... Human activity increases greenhouse gases production increasing their effects on earth. Greenhouse gases increase leads to lowered irradiation of infrared rays back to space. As a result, earth’s average temperatures rise, contributing to climate change (Afzal, p. 1). Hypothesis Climate change is a phenomenon that the world is currently experiencing. This is attested by climate changes worldwide. There has also been an increase of health complications related to climate change such as lung complications, skin and heart complications. This paper gives a brief overview of global warming and its effects on public health. Methods Statistical methods were used to analyze the problem. Earth’s temperature data collected from satellites in outer space, balloons and remote sites were compared to proxy temperature. Data from areas hard hit by climate change and global warming was used to study the health effects of the phenomenon on humans (Reiter, p. 5-14). Results Mounting evid ence suggests that global warming affects human health through events such as changes in water and air quality, extreme weather events as well as infectious disease ecology changes. Europe in 2003 experienced the hottest summer in years with average temperatures exceeding the normal temperature by 3.5 degrees Celsius. Close to 22,000 people died due to this heat wave. Chicago residents in 1995 experienced heat waves reaching 106o F, which resulted to the death of hundreds. In 2005, United States experienced the impact of an extreme weather event; Hurricane Katrina, which resulted to the death of 1,464 people. These events demonstrate the challenge of coming up with an effective and efficient public health response (Afzal, p. 1). During most of the flooding

The role of agricultural sector as an accelerator for economic growth in Nigeria Essay Example for Free

The role of agricultural sector as an accelerator for economic growth in Nigeria Essay 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY Agriculture is a systemic and controlled use of living organism and the environment in the improvement of human condition. It also covers farming, husbandry, cultivation of plants, animals, and other life forms for food, fiber, bio-fuel, and drugs. Agriculture is the science, art, or occupation concerned with cultivating land, raising crops, and feeding, breeding, and raising livestock; farming (Dictionary.com). It also is the practice of cultivating and farming animals, food and other life forms that are used to sustain life. It is a science and was key to the rise of human civilisations as agriculture enabled man to be able to feed himself and produce surpluses (Ask.com). Economic Growth, defined as the increasing capacity of an economy to produce goods and services, compared from one period of time to another. Economic growth can be measured in nominal terms, which include inflation, or in real terms, which are adjusted for inflation. For comparing one economic growth to another, GDP or GNP per capita should be used to take into account population difference between countries (Investopedia). The growth of an economy is thought of, not only as an increase in productive capacity but also as an improvement in the quality of life of the people of that economy. The agricultural sector plays a major role in the provision of food, security of raw materials for industries, employment, market for industrial goods such as agro-chemical, tractor and fertilizers, and foreign exchange within the context of capital formation. Before oil, Nigeria had oil; with oil, she had additional opportunity of crops like groundnut, cocoa and rubber. These crops were cultivated in large quantities and exported to Europe and America in the pre-1960s and early-60s, (Nigeria’s founding fathers built the nation from agricultural resources; but since the days of the oil boom we have abandoned all the great opportunities that come with the business of Agriculture). With Military incursions into Nigerian government and the dependence on petroleum products as the foremost foreign exchange earner, the attention to the agricultural sector dwindled. Nigeria’s groundnut pyramids disappeared, the oil palm plantations vanished and farming went back to the subsist ent level. With an increasing population, it became increasingly difficult to feed the masses, and the  country resorted to importing food to supplement the ones grown at home. The agricultural sector has played a crucial role in the social and economic growth and development of Nigeria; however, its full potential has not been reached. In the last two decades, government has paid very little attention to the growth of the agricultural sector, though there has been increased farm output at great cost through major projects, massive investments in rural infrastructure and the introduction of modern seed varieties and chemicals. The agricultural sector is yet to boast of any contribution whereas about 75% of export earnings in the 1970s were from agriculture. Agriculture as a major sector of the Nigerian economy can provide up to 70% of the population with employment. The sector in recent times is being transformed by commercialization at the small, medium and large-scale enterprise levels. Major crops include beans, sesame, cashew nuts, cassava, cocoa beans, groundnuts, gum Arabic, kolanut, maize (corn), melon, millet, palm kernel, palm oil, plantains, rice, rubber, sorghum, soyabeans, and yam in the area of land cultivation, and Fish Farming, Piggery and Poultry in the area of animal husbandry, but this is yet to assure the nature of food security and enough foreign exchange earnings desired. Wikipedia recorded that in 1990, 82 million hectares out of Nigeria’s total land area of about 91million hectares were found to be arable, although only 42% of cultivatable area was farmed; leaving us with unused arable land of about 58%. In 2013, the Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) was introduced by the Federal Ministry of Agriculture. The Agricultural Transformation Agency (ATA) has a great potential in enhancing the role of agriculture as an engine of inclusive growth leading to rural employment, Wealth creation, and diversification of the economy. A major policy accomplishment in the sector is the liberation of seed and fertilizer supply, which had until now been controlled by the federal government, undermined the private sector and did not deliver the inputs to genuine farmers. Since September 2011, fertilizers and seeds are being sold by the companies directly to farmers. Lending commitments from commercial banks has been leveraged using guarantees issued by th e Ministry of Finance. In order to provide a legal framework for the establishment and perpetuity of staple crop processing zones, and transform the Nigerian agricultural sector with significant multiplier effects on the entire economy, an Act to provide a legal framework for the establishment of  Staple Crop Processing Zones (SCPZ) is currently being drafted prepared to the National Assembly for adoption. Agriculture has a stronghold in any economy, for without it, a country will always have to depend on foreign countries to feed her population thereby exposing herself to the issues of food security. Moreover, the growth in the agricultural sector could be a catalyst for national output through its effect on rural incomes and provision of resources for transformation into the industrialized economy. Therefore; it is clear that agricultural growth has played a historically important role in the process of economic development as evidence from industrialized countries like China and India. Countries that are just rapidly developing today have also indicated that the sector has been the engine that contributes to the growth of the overall economy like China. 1.2STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Agriculture is the single largest contributor to the well-being of the rural poor in Nigeria, sustaining about 86% of rural household in the country. Improved agricultural development and growth, can offer a pathway out of poverty. But until very recently, agriculture has suffered the effect of several decades of neglect. Nigeria’s agricultural policies have been inconsistent, uncoordinated and ad hoc. After very slow growth during the 1970s and 1980s, agricultural growth began to pick during the 1990s and, since 2000, has averaged 5.6 per annum. However, even with the rapid agriculture growth of the past decade, Nigeria still has one of the highest poverty rates in the world. A paradigm shift towards a sound evidence-based policymaking process is needed to promote more equitable, gender sensitive and environmentally sustainable growth in the agricultural sector. The recent food price surge has made this shift even more important. It is clear that Nigeria has an arable land of about 82 million hectares and only 48% has been farmed. It is also clear that the agricultural sector is sustaining about 86% of the rural household in the country. There has also been a lack of coordination of agriculture policies. The reason Nigeria still has one of the highest ratings of poverty in the world. This research work is targeted at reconciling the opportunity inherent in the Nigeria’s poor/rural population; vis-à  -vis the massive uncultivated arable land through small scale agricultural support from the government. It will further re-echo  existing solutions as well as provide additional information on our challenges in agriculture as a nation, with a view to providing thought provoking and inciteful analysis of the opportunities inherent in an agricultural based economy, particularly for a blessed nation like Nigeria with quality arable land, and enough water resources to support animal husbandry. 1.3OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The main objective of this research work is to study the roles of agricultural sector as an accelerator for the economic growth in Nigeria. Specific objectives: The study is aimed at: 1. Assessing the various policies and programmes used in promoting the agricultural sector in Nigeria, failures and successes. 2. Evaluating the performance of the agricultural sector of Nigeria over the years, that is1980-2012 and the way forward. 3. Making suggestions as to how the full potential of the sector could be realized in line with the successful policies and other developments. 1.4RESEARCH QUESTIONS This study seeks to find answers to the following research questions; 1. What are the roles of the agricultural sector in relations to the growth of the Nigerian economy? 2. What efforts has the government made to restore the agricultural sector in Nigeria? 3. What is the performance of the agricultural sector of Nigeria over the years? 4. What could be done to make the agricultural sector achieve its full potential? 1.5RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS The research hypothesis is to create a relationship between the growth on agricultural sector and the Nigerian economy as well as the inverse relationship between them. = Growthof the agricultural sector playsno significant roles in the economy. = Growthof the agricultural sector plays significant roles in the economy. 1.6SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The significance of this study depends on the fact that with an improved economy, Nigeria stands to gain in its effects towards economic growth. It is advantageous to both the government and citizens; in the sense that its  serves as a guide for future governmental policy on agriculture and when this is well implemented, we will notice that the welfare and standards of living of the citizens will be improved. 1.7THE SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY This study examines the timeframe of 1980-2012. The purpose of choosing this period is to empirically test the significance or the extent to which the agricultural sector contributes to the economy’s growth despite the several years of government’s neglect, and to re-emphasize the need to properly coordinate Government policies and reconcile the opportunity of our rural population with the available natural resources, particularly the arable land for optimum usage and the renewal effects towards stabilizing the agricultural sector. The performance of Nigeria’s agricultural sector shall be evaluated in detail as well as efforts of the government at restoring the sector examined. This study will also go further to discuss the major constraints on the performance of the Nigeria agricultural sector. The limitations are due to lack of available data information, time factor, and cost involved in carrying out this type of research. 1.8DEFINITION OF TERMS. i. Capital Formation; this can be defined as the transfer of savings from individuals or households to the business sector, directly through investment or indirectly through banks. ii. Husbandry; this is defined as the science of raising crops or food animals or the cultivation and production of edible crops or of animals for food. iii. Labour-Intensive; is a process or industry that requires large amount of labour to produce its goods and services. iv. Global Warming; an increase in earth’s average atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in climate and that may result from the greenhouse effect. v. Greenhouse Effect; an atmospheric heating phenomenon, caused by short wave solar radiation being readily transmitted inward through the earth’s atmosphere but longer wave length heat radiation less readily transmitted outwards, owing its absorption by atmospheric carbon dioxide, water vapour, methane, and other gases; thus the rising level of carbon dioxide is viewed with concern. CHAPTER TWO 2.1 INTRODUCTION This section presents the theoretical, methodological and empirical review of literature. The theoretical review covers various theories on the subject matter, while the methodological review also cover various methodological issues used in the past studies and the empirical review present various findings that results from the methodologies. 2.2THEORETICAL REVIEW OF LITERATURE The study of economic history provides us with ample evidence that an agricultural revolution is a fundamental pre-condition for economic development (Eicher and Witt, 1964, Olusanmi, 1966, Jones and Wolff, 1969). The agricultural sector has the potentials to be the industrial and economic spring board from which a country’s development can take off. Indeed, agricultural activities are usually concentrated in the less developed rural transformation, redistribution, poverty alleviation and socio-economic development (Stewart, 2000). Agriculture can be advanced beyond its primary function of supplying food and its primary cultural sector has the potential to shape the landscape, guarantee the sustainable management of renewable resources of many rural areas (Humbert, 2000). In fact, through its different spheres of activities at macro and micro levels, the agricultural sector is strategically positioned to have a higher multiplier effect on any nation’s quest for socio-ec onomic and industrial development. It is very obvious that a sustainable agricultural growth has been highly instrumental in Brazil’s rapid rural transformation, the empowerment of Brazilian peasant and the alleviation of abject poverty. Interestingly, the Nigerian economy like that of Brazil during the first decade after independence could reasonably be described as an agricultural economy because agriculture serves as the engine of growth of the overall economy (Ogen, 2003: 231-234). From the stand point of occupational distribution and contribution of GDP, agriculture was the leading sector. During this period, Nigeria was the world’s second largest producer of cocoa, largest exporter of palm kernel and largest producer and exporter of palm oil. Nigeria was also a leading exporter of other commodities such as cotton, groundnut, rubber and hides and skin (Alkali 1977: 15-16). The agricultural sector contributed over 60% to the GDP in the 1960s and despite the reliance of the Nigerian peasant  farmers on traditional tools and indigenous farming method, the farmers produce 70% of Nigeria’s export and 95% of its food needs (Lawal 1997: 195). However, the agricultural sector suffered neglect during the hay days of boom in the 1970s. Ever since then, Nigeria has been witnessing extreme poverty. Historically, the root of the crisis in Nigerian economy lies in the neglect of agriculture and the increased dependence on a monoculture economy based on oil. The agricultural sector now accounts for less than 5% of Nigeria’s GDP (Olagboju and Falola 1996: 263). It is against this back drop that this paper sets out to draw comparative analysis from the Brazilian experience for possible replication in Nigeria. Such an approach is particularly feasible given the fact that Nigeria shares so much in common with Brazil in terms of a highly conducive agricultural climate, huge and diverse population as well as the availability of natural resources. 2.2.1MEANING OF ECONOMIC GROWTH According to Turrets (1987) â€Å"the economic growth of a country can be defined in various ways as an increase in gross domestic product, in real GDP or in per capital GDP†. It is clear therefore, that the rate of growth of the real GDP country. If we want to determine the growth in Nigeria for example, the rate of growth of its real GDP stands as the most appropriate measure. Alternatively, we can also examine the meaning of economic growth through the use of production possibility curve. A production possibility curve is used to depict the maximum quantities of two goods or types of goods that can be produced when all the resources of the country are fully and efficiently utilized. However, smith (1996) visualised that economic growth results from specialization of labour, application of new technology as well as through international trade. But one important fact to note is that, since economic activities tend to or shift outward, countries will always record a positive g rowth rate and sometimes negative, such as inward of country’s production possibility curve (PPC) (Clawer, Graves and Sexton, 1989).Nigeria’s economy had in some ears of the late1980s and through 1990s recorded some negative growth rate and in fact, still does till date and even beyond. 2.2.2AGRICULTURE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH Development economists in general and agricultural economists in particular,  have focused on how agriculture can best contribute to overall economic growth and modernization. Many early analyst (Fel and Rani, 1954; Jorgensen 1961; Hirschman 1958; Scitovsky 1954; Lewis 1954; Rosentein-rodan 1943), have highlighted agriculture because of its abundance of resources and its ability to transfer surpluses to the more important industrial sector. The conventional approach to the roles of agriculture in economic growth concentrated on agriculture’s important market-mediated linkages, and they are: i. Providing food for the expanding population with higher income. ii. Providing labour for an urbanized industrial work force. iii. Supplying savings for investment in industry. iv. Enlarging markets for industrial output providing export earnings to pay for imported capital goods and v. Providing primary material for agro processing industries (Timer 2002, Delgado et al 1994, Ravis et al 1990, Johnson and Mellor 1961). Rapid agricultural productivity growth is a prerequisite for the market mediated linkages to be mutually beneficial. Productivity growth that resulted from agriculture has had enormous impacts on food supplies and food prices and consequent beneficial impacts on food security and poverty reduction (Hazel and Hag blade 1993, Binswanger 1980, Hayami and Herdt 1977, Pinstrup Anderson 1976); Alston et al (1996), posit that because a relatively high proportion of any income gain made by the poor is spent on food, the income effect of research induced supply shift can have major multinational implications, particularly if those shift results from technologies aimed at the poorest producers. Agricultural productivity growth also triggers the generat ion of non-market mediated linkages between the agricultural sector and the rest of the economy. These includes the indirect contribution of a vibrant agricultural sector to food security and poverty alleviation, safely net and buffer role; and the supply of environmental services (FAO, 2004). While agricultures direct private contributions to form households are tangible, easy indirect benefits tend to be over looked in assessing rate of returns. Ignoring the whole range of economic and social contributions of agriculture underestimates the returns to investments in the sector (Valdes and Foster, 2005). Some empirical evidence exists on the positive relationship between agricultural growth (Valdes and Foster 2005). The transformation of agriculture from its  traditional subsistence roots induced by technical change, to a modernizing agricultural sector is a phenomenon observed across the developing world. Concluding, it is clear that agricultural growth has played a historically important role in the process of economic development. Evidence from industrialized countries that are rapidly developing today indicates that agriculture was the engine that contributed to growth in the non-agricultural sectors and to overall economic wellbeing. Economic growth originating in agriculture can have a particular strong impact in reducing poverty and hunger. Increasing employment and income in agriculture stimulates demand for non-agricultural goods and services, thereby providing a boost to non-farm rural income earners as well. 2.2.3AGRICULTURE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. The contribution of agriculture to economic development lies in: i. Providing more food to the rapidly expanding population increasing the demand for industrial product, and thus necessitating the expansion of secondary and tertiary sectors. ii. It can release workers needed for the production of non-agricultural goods and services. iii. It can provide a source of capital that can be invested in improved productive facilities in the rest of the economy (Timer 2002, Delgado et al 1994, Ravis et al 1996. Johnson and Mellor 1961). A progressive urban industrial economy contributes, in turn, to the rapid development of agriculture by expanding the market for agricultural products; by supplying the farm machinery, chemical fertilizers and so on, that raise the level of agricultural technology; by expanding productive employment opportunities for workers released from agriculture by technological change; and by making possible improvements in the quality of rural life by raising standards of consumption both in urban and rural areas (Binswanger, 1980). A rise in rural purchasing power, as a result of the increased agricultural surplus, is a great stimulus to industrial development. The market for manufactured goods is very small in an underdeveloped country where the peasant farm labourers and their families, comprising typically two goods in addition to whatever they need. There is lack of real purchasing power thus reflecting the low productivity in agriculture. The basic problem thus is low investment return caused by small size of the market. Increased rural  purchasing power caused by expansion of agricultural output and productivity will tend to raise the demand for manufactured goods and extend the size of the market. This will lead to the expansion of the industrial sector (Lewis, 1954). Moreover, the demand for such inputs as fertilizers, tractors, better tools, implements, irrigational facilities in the agricultural sectors will all lead to the greater expansions of the agricultural sector. Besides, the means of transport and communications will expand to urban areas and manufactured goods to the rural areas. The long run effects of the expansion of the secondary and tertiary sectors will be towards higher profits in them whether they are operated in the private or the public sector. These profits will tend to increase the rate of capital fo rmation through their re-investment. That is what Kuznets calls the â€Å"market contributions† of agriculture when it trades with other sectors of the economy. Underdeveloped countries mostly specialize in the production of a few agricultural goods for export. As output and productivity of the exportable goods expand, their exports increase and results in larger foreign exchange earnings. Thus agricultural surplus leads to capital formation when capital goods are imported with this foreign exchange. As development gains momentum due to industrialization, the proportion of agricultural export in the country’s total exports is likely to fall as they are needed in large quantities for domestic production of imported articles. Such articles are import substitutes and conserve foreign exchange. Similarly, increased marketed surplus of food grains leads to a net saving of foreign exchange, as the economy tries to achieve the goal of self-sufficiency in food production. Larger productions of food and export crops do not only conserve and earn foreign exchange, but also leads to expansion of the other sectors of the economy. Foreign exchange earnings can be used to build efficiency of other industries and help the establishment of new indus tries by importing scare raw materials, machines, capital equipment and technical know-how. Kuznets calls it the â€Å"product contribution† of agriculture which first argues about the growth of net output of the economy and the growth of per capita output. An underdeveloped needs large amounts of capital to finance expansion of the infrastructure and for the development of basic and heavy industries. In the early stages of development, capital can be provided by increasing the marketable surplus from the rural sector without reducing  consumption levels from population. According to Johnson and Mellor (1961) â€Å"an increase in agricultural productivity implies some combination of capital formation when it is reduced on the farm and employed in construction works†. But the possibility of utilizing unskilled surplus form labour on capital project requiring skilled labour is limited. The second possibility of increasing capital formation through reduced agricultural prices is also not feasible in the early stages of development when the rise in price is not feasible. Reduction in agricultural prices is not feasible. Reduction in agricultural prices is possible in the long run but democratic countries may not be able to follow this reasoning for political reasons. A more practicable solution is to stabilize the prices in farm products. The third possibility of increasing farm receipts is perhaps the best way for capital formation. This can be done by mobilizing increased farm incomes through agricultural income tax, land registration charges, s chool fees, for providing agricultural technical services and other types of fees that cover all or part of the farm population. But â€Å"political and institutional problems makes it difficult to translate the increased potential for saving and capital accumulation, made possible by increased agricultural productivity, into an actual increase in investment in underdeveloped countries. According to Wald, special assessments have had their widest application in the United States. In view of the fact that they are specially designed for financing such developed projects as irrigation works, flood control system and certain classes of roads, all of which are extremely important for underdeveloped countries like India that â€Å"the penalties of too light taxation on agriculture are a stagnating farm sector, a financially starved public sector and a retarded rate of economic growth in the country as a whole; (Wald, 1995). Thus countries were agriculture dominates, the taxation of agriculture in one form or another is essential for mobilizing agricultural surplus in order to accelerate economic development. Kuznets calls it the â€Å"factor of contribution† when there is a transfer of resources to the other sectors, these resources to the other sectors, these resources being productive factors. Agriculture also expands and diversifies employment opportunities in rural areas. As agricultures productivity and farm income increases, non-farm rural employment expands and diversifies. Landless and marginal farmers are primarily engaged in  non-agricultural pursuits which includes the manufacturers of textile, furniture, tools, handicraft, leather and metal processing, marketing, transport, repair work, construction of houses and other buildings, education, medicine and other services, as these activities satisfy local demand. Lastly, increase in rural incomes as a result of the agricultural surplus tends to improve rural welfare. Peasant starts consuming more food especially of a higher nutritional value in the form of superior quality cereals, eggs, ghee, milk, fruits etc. They build better houses fitted with modern amenities like electricity, furniture, radio, fan etc. provide themselves with bicycles, motorcycles, watches, readymade garments, shoe etc. they also receive direct satisfaction from such services such as schools, health centres, irrigation, banking, transport and communication facilities. Thus increased agricultural surplus has the effect of raisi ng the standards of living of the mass of rural people. 2.2.4NIGERIAN ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT Nigeria was and is still basically an agricultural country despite the fact that there is significant growth in the other sector of the economy since her independence in 1960. Agriculture remains the single largest sector of the economy since it provides employment to a large segment of the work force and constituting the main stay of Nigeria’s rural population. Since 1985, the percentage of gross domestic product attributable to agriculture has been maintained about 31%, well ahead of mining and quarrying, which includes crude petroleum and gas as well as whole sale and retail trade, which are also the other two major contributors to GDP in Nigeria. Before 1970, the agricultural sector has enjoyed a relatively abundant supply of farm labour and cultivable land for agriculture was able to respond quite steadily to a rising demand. An expansion of land under cultivation and increased absorption of rural labour constituted a ready means for output expansion. However, the 1970s o il boom saw a high rate of rural-urban population migrating, which resulted into supply demand imbalance in the food subsector, while traditional export declined sharply in both absolute and relative terms. From 1970, Nigeria’s agriculture has been characterized by excess demand over supply due to high population growth rate, stagnant declining economic growth, high rate of globalization, increased demand for  agricultural raw materials by an expanding industrial sector and the rising per capita income which is stimulated by an oil export revenue boom. The decline in production of tradable has raised serious domestic and external balancing problems. The output of domestic inputs using agro-allied firms is constrained by output fluctuation, which reduces the size of export revenues and market shares. This adversely affects the balance of payment. The agricultural sector was estimated to decline at an annual average of 0.43% between 1970 and 1985 while the periods between 1975 and 1978 recorded the highest level of decline of 7.88%. The agricultural export crop sub-sectors contribution to the total foreign earnings declined from an average of 58% in the 1960s to only 5.2% between 1971 and 1985. Indeed, by 1980, Nigeria had become a net importer of food and most of its tradable export crops had either disappeared from the export list or merely maintained an insignificant presence. As it were, the agricultural export sub-sector became increasingly unable to meet the raw material needs to the primarily processing industries and furthermore, inflationary pressure characterized the economy, general degeneration of rural life and rural urban migration. Notwithstanding, the observed agricultural decline, agricultural policy appeared to have been more active in the 1970s than in the 1960s. In the formal period, the government implanted successful programme like National Agricultural Food Production Programme (NAFP), Operation Feed the Nation (OFN) and green revolution programme, also banks assisted Agricultural Development Programme (ADP). Government also tried to improve marketing system for agricultural export crops by reforming the marketing board system in 1973, 1976 and 1977. Agricultural sector did not improve; as a result there was introduction of Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) in 1986, which necessitated the deregulation of exchange rates and abolition of marketing board system. 2.2.5AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION DURING THE STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMME (SAP) One of the most important debates the structural adjustment programme (SAP) has centred on the impact of the programme on agricultural sector. It was anticipated that the measures adopted under this programme will bring about increased domestic production of food and eventual elimination of food import, increase supply of manufacturing industries of agricultural raw materials such as cotton, cocoa, oil palm, rubber etc. was also anticipated (Obadan and Egbase, 1992). Also, the  diversification of export base of the economy would be enhanced with the increase in the agricultural prices and boom in the sector, production was expected to translate into rising rural employment, income and standard of living. Therefore, the agricultural production will be viewed from two perspectives, which is agricultural food production during SAP and agricultural export during SAP. 2.2.6AGRICULTURAL FOOD PRODUCTION DURING SAP Following the introduction of SAP in 1986, some writers have claimed that food production have been on the increasing sides. Since one of the expectations of complimenting this programme is to bring food and to make sure that the importation of food is eradicated. Iwayemi in 1994 found out that one of the positive developments in recent years is a merging trend of upward turn in the production of agricultural tradable (rice, soya beans and maize) and of the non-traded food category and cassava has performed impressively. Furthermore, it was discovered that immediately after the introduction of SAP, there were sharp increase in the prices of staples such as yam, cassava, rice, maize, etc. for instance the average market retail price in Kwara state rose from â‚ ¦450 per tonne to â‚ ¦560 per tonne in 1986 and â‚ ¦686 per tonne in 1986. Also, the average market price of rice in Kaduna state rose from â‚ ¦1500 in 1985 to â‚ ¦1700 and â‚ ¦2213 in 1992. These increases in the price of staples are adduced to high inflationary pressures resulting from SAP. Also Edgbai (1988)argued that the devaluation of the Naira following the advent of the SAP lead to spectacular increase in the prices of most agricultural inputs, implements and machinery. The percentage price increase of these inputs between 1985, the last pre-SAP year’s ranges between 50% and 70% using official prices subsequently there have indeed been increases in the producer prices of maize development. Finally, Iwayemi (1994) concluded that the most pressing problem in the sector is the lack of adequate production capacity to meet domestic food requirement of rapidly raising large population. 2.2.7AGRICULTURAL EXPORT DURING SAP The major aim of introducing SAP was to improve the agricultural export through the depreciation of the country’s currency. However, different researches hold different opinions concerning this. For instance, Obadan (1993) found out that SAP policy of exchange rate adjustment was an  important factor that positively affected supply of rubber and suggested that real depreciation of the naira for example, tends to stimulate rubber farmers to increase supply of export, thus talking advantage of the improved international competitiveness. In modern development, with the exception of rubber, the export elasticity of cocoa, palm kernel and processed or semi processed product with respect to change in exchange in Nigeria was generally of low order even in the long run. Hence, Obadan and Egbase (1992) concluded that export base production activities especially agriculture, have benefited from the SAP incentive arising particularly from naira to depreciation and trade liberalization. Thus, quantity of natural rubber exported rose from 32000 in 1985 to 108600 in 1991, changes in naira exchange rate significantly affected natural rubber supply under SAP. In contrast, Ajilim and Agba, (1986) claimed that there is over whelming evidence that SAP has very slim prospect for stimulating non-oil export e.g. cocoa. Also Dayo, (1996) discovered that the low elasticity estimate was due to limited volume of agricultural export earning in response to devaluation of the naira. Also, Ajayi (1988) and Osagie (1985) posit In that in Nigeria, exchange rate devaluation is stagnant and have no significant effect on the external trade balance because of low prices elasticity generally associated with the excess import and export demand functions. In other words Balogun (1987) estimated agricultural export function with exchange export has the redress and the result showed unresponsiveness of aggregate agricultural export to exchange rate, price and imported and agricultural input. He thus, concluded that the agricultural sector, which is dominated by smaller hold farming, is insulated from external trade variables or shocks. Finally, Obadan and Egbase (1992) argued that export base production activity, especially agriculture, have benefited from SAP incentives arising particularly from naira depreciation and trade liberalization, for example in response to the price and exchange liberalization, the quantity of natural exported rose from 32000tonnes in 1985 to 33000 in 1986 and 108800 in 1991 changes in naira exchange rate significantly affected natural rubber supply under SAP. However Obadan (1993) argued that the main objective of SAP has not been realized even though that the number of agricultural export have increase, the value is still in significant. 2.2.8THE EFFECT OF SAP AND THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. Warder (1995) analysed  the economic and political development on Nigeria’s agricultural sector including the application of the structural adjustment programme (SAP). He discovered that with the application of SAP, that the country was able to orient her agricultural production toward the production and exportation of cash crops while Husia and Farugee (1994) found out that for any developing country like Nigeria to experience the turn-around in our country, the country should establish and maintain macro-economic stability, eliminate discrimination against agriculture and take measures to remove anti export bias. Furthermore, Obadan (1994) stated that the agricultural sector during SAP was able to reverse negative gro wth of the economy during the early 1980s, because of more favourable more weather conditions and adoption of a floating exchange rate system which favoured agriculture deregulation of agricultural prices and the priority according to the implementation of the key public sector agricultural programs. Stanley (1987) added that SAP policy consisted of measures that are aim at achieving viability in the medium term balance of payment why the level and rate of growth of economy activity was maintained at the optimal level of operation. In addition Ojo (1988) stated that the effect of SAP on agricultural and rural development has brought about an increase in agricultural production and there was an improvement in rural development.He however, noted that the fundamental problems of Nigeria agriculture still persist. In contrast, since the theoretical bases of SAP is based on the invisible hand or market mechanism, Obadan and Ekuarhare (1993) opined that a Pareto system which required a free market economy may not be idea for a developing or even a developed country. This is because the market mechanism may faster efficiency but not equity. The price mechanism which is concerned with state resources allocation undermines economic growth and development in developing countries. ‘â €™consequently, without governments intervention in economic activities, the market leads to misallocation of present and future resource or at least to one which may not be in long run in the best interests of the society’’ (Torado 1977, 164 quoted in Obadan and Ekuarhare 1993). Finally, Obadan and Ekuarhare opined further that the fiscal monetary exchange policy mix contained in SAP is inter-consistent with economic recovery from a recession (from which the country has been battling due to external shock and the crisis of accumulation within the domestic bourgeoisie). Recovery  from this cyclical downturn characterized by below capacity nation production would require an increase in government expenditure to provide greater employment and increased social benefit. In other words, the deflation an economy coupled with deregulation and liberalization will not lead to an upturn of the economy. Therefore,Obadan (1993) discovered that the main objective of SAP has not been realized even though the number of non-oil manufactured agricultural export items have increased the value and is still insignificant. For instance, exchange in-flow from non-oil exports reduce from $557million in 1985(per SAP) to $538 million in 1987. It increased to $613 million in 1988 bu t reduced drastically to $406million in 1990 and by 1992; the sector only contributed 3.6% of the nation’s foreign exchange. The value of agricultural export which stood at an average of â‚ ¦408.7 million before declining sharply to â‚ ¦270.8 million in 1981-1985, owing largely to decline in cash crop producers. During SAP, export earnings grew to â‚ ¦1822.9 million in 1986-1990 for primary agricultural commodities such as tubers, fruits and spices coming on board. In addition, export of manufacturers and semi manufacturers of agricultural products which earned only â‚ ¦37.2 million in 1891-1985 recorded the sum of â‚ ¦214.9 million in 1986-1990 as Nigeria became exporter of textile, soap, detergent, beer, beverages and skin in addition to cocoa products. Emmanuel (2002) viewed productivity as the wealth of a nation. According to him, Nigeria is generously endowed with abundant natural resources. He further argued that if this enormous resources base is well managed, through increased productivity, the wealth of the nation is bound to increase. He argued that a farmer plants a seed and reaps several harvesting period, productivity has increased and the wealth of a nation has increased too. The mercantilists (18th century) argued that productivity in the agricultural sector contributed the least to the economic growth. They said that it only promoted domestic trade and did not fore see mechanization and modernization that took over manual labour in the agricultural sector, as agricultural commodities are not only traded domestically but exported to other countries. 2.2.9AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND EXPORT The breakdown of agricultural production into its component parts reveals the problems during 1985 period. While food production recorded only a marginal  increase export crop production declined sharply. The inadequate domestic food production is reflected in Nigeria’s massive food imports, especially in the 1970’s to argument domestic supply. The supply in the production of some of Nigeria’s cultural export commodities was most worrisome for instance, Nigeria that was ranked as the world leading producer and exporter of palm oil in the 1960s had become the net importer of this commodity in the mid-70s. Similarly, Nigeria’s cocoa production, which reached its peak of 309000 tonnes in 1970-71, fell drastically to 160000 tonnes in 1985. The sharp turn down in the gross value terms of trade in agriculture was equally serious. The ratio of agricultural exports to food imports which stood at 143% in 1970-1975 suffered significant deterioration and reached th e lowest at 38% by 1976-1982. The performance of agriculture during the review period was underdetermined mainly by its neglect coupled with a chain of distributive created by the oil boom. 2.3THE METHODOLOGICAL REVIEW OF LITERATURE Several policies as well as policy instruments have been put to place over the year by successive government in Nigeria. Some had positive effect while the others had negative effects. Olayami (1985) identified three distinct agricultural policy era under which the agricultural sector developed for the past three decades, these includes; the 1960-1969 era, the 1970-1985 eras. These policies were targeted at improving the performance of the sector during this period. A review of these policies would be discussed; Agricultural policy during these periods was limited to marketing and pricing for which the marketing board was established. Actually, at the outbreak of World War 2 in 1939, government owned marketing boards were setup in British, West Africa to assure orderly marketing and to protect British supplies of raw materials (Adegbola and Akinbode, 1986). Government was involved in agricultural research and extension of services but the issue of self-sufficiency in agriculture for food and raw materials was not pursued. Also investment in agriculture with initiatives to improve employment was left to the initiative in farming. During this period, there was decentralised approach to agriculture with initiatives being left to the regions and the states while the federal government played a supportive role. Regional government were executing abhor policies, programme and  projects. There was no institutional federal responsibility for agriculture and there were no specific agricultural sector objectives. There were a number of policies and programme and some of them are discussed below; 2.3.1AGRICULTURAL MARKETING POLICY The agricultural marketing board system was used extensively in marketing agricultural products during this period. The system started with the establishment of a commodity marketing board in 1947 and for groundnut, palm produce and cotton in 1949. In 1954, the board became regionalized with one multi commodity marketing board for each of the regions, and later for each of the states. The board accumulated huge trading surpluses which were used to mobilize substantial savings for the government. These surpluses were generated at the expense of the stability of farmers’ income. The farmers’ income was kept low and with increasing risk on the farm declining world commodity prices of the mid 60s, there was an incentive for peasant increase production (Adubi, 1966). 2.3.2AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION PROJECTS The regional government of the east and western Nigeria stared this project and then later the north, to encourage the development of these crops. There financed from surpluses of the marketing boards. This was before the creation state, the UNIX oil palm plantation (now in Rivers and Cross Rivers), the Hushin rubber estates (now in Ogun state), and the upper Ogun cattle ranches etc. 2.3.3FARM SETTLEMENT SCHEME In the early 1960s the regional government assisted school leavers who were willing to go into agriculture establishment farm settlement scheme in places like Edo, Ilora, Ikenne, Ibadan and so on. The farm settlement were setup as model for other farmers who often look up practises being carried out by settlers and had easy access to farm equipment and services. However, due to non-ownership pattern of the scheme, farm and house power supply problems and the limited individuals’ holdings, most settlers were not committed. The owned land outside the greater settlement and mainly used the opportunity to obtain services through membership of a settlement scheme (Adegbola and Akinbode, 1986) 2.3.41970-1985 ERA (PERIOD OF MAXIMUM  GOVERNMENT INTERVENSION) Agricultural production started to decline towards the end of the decades of 1960s. Export crops outputs were stagnating while export volumes begin to decrease, and there was evidence of food shortages in the country. The 1963 G DP figures for example shows that agriculture crops, livestock, fishing and forestry accounted for 64% of total GDP and the average for 1960s decade estimated at 56%. Similarly, in the export sector, the percentage of agricultural produce was declining (Adubi, 1966). The problem of agricultural production decline was ascribed partly to the civil war and partly to the declining commodity process in the world market and the incentive to production due to taxation of the commodity board. There was therefore greater involvement of the government in agriculture. The expenditure of government and therefore for its investment increase in the sector specific sector emphasis of policy was on accelerating production of the staple food crops and some export crops. There was a fundamental shift in the strategy compared with the decade of 1960s and the federal government became more involved in the sector.The strategy taken, led to the launching of several special programme and projects. Also specialised in institutions were setup to ensure smooth implementation of the agricultural policies; the period witnessed many macroeconomic and sector specific policies, which directly or indirectly affects agricultural production. Many of the macroeconomic policies of the government had wide spread effect on agriculture, though not targeted at the agricultural sector, until there are some programme which includes marketing policy, input supply and distribution policy and input subsidy policy. Agricultural Development Projects (ADPs) and River Basin Development Authority (RBDA) were also established to promote agricultural developments. 2.3.5THE 1985-1999 ERA (SAP AND POST SAP PERIOD) With the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) in 1986, government admitted the failure of past policies to significantly improve the economy and reverse the declining trend of production in the agricultural sector. The SAP relied most especially on the agricultural sector to achieve the objectives of its far reaching refunds on diversification of export and adjustment of the consumption structure of the economy. The philosophy of SAP for the agricultural sector was that only the interplay of the market  forces could foster efficiency in the sector. The government was therefore expected to play minimal role for private sector initiative in the sector. Many of the policy measure adopted in SAP and macro in nature and those that affect agriculture also fall directly into fiscal, monetary, trade and exchange rate policies as well as institutional policy refunds. Many institutions such as National Directorate of Employment (NDE), Directorate of Food, Roads and Rural Infrastructure (DFR RI), National Agricultural Insurance Company (NAIC), National Land Development Authority (NALDA) were established to assist new farmers and promote agriculture development in the rural areas. Essentially, these policies and programme were implemented until 1999. The changes in the government during the review period 1985-1999 also led to modifications of some of the policies above, which essentially formed the major focus of government on agricultural development. 2.3.6THE NEW MILLENNIUM AGRICULTURAL POLICIES (1999-2003) At the inception of the new democratic administration in May 1999 and shortly before then, several institutional changes were made in order to realize the sector’s objectives and in line with its belief that agricultural and rural development are sine que non for improved economy recovery (Olamola, 2003) these includes the relocation of department of cooperatives. Division of the ministry of Water Resources to the ministry of agriculture all before 1999, the scrapping of the erst while National Agricultural Land Development Department, the scrapping of the Federal Agriculture Coordinating Unit (FACU) and the Agricultural Project Monitoring and Evaluating Unit (APMEU) and the setting up of Project Co-ordination Unit (PCU) and the stream lining institution for agricultural credit delivery with the emergency of the Nigerian Agricultural Co-operative and Rural Development Bank (NACRDB) and the peoples bank and the asset of the Family Economic Advancement Programme (FEAP). New inst itutions are also evolving to enable the Nigerian agricultural sectors respond to the imperative of the emerging global economic order. The new agricultural policy has a clear statement of objectives amid the structural transformation necessary for the overall socio-economic development of the country as well as the improvement in the quality of life of Nigeria. This objective reflects the current policy recognition of agriculture as a vital sector under the poverty reduction  programme (FMARD, 2003). The government also seeks to pursue the following specific objectives: i. Attainment of self-sufficiency in basic food commodities with particular reference to those which consume considerable shares of Nigerian’s foreign exchange and for which the country has comparative advantage in local production. ii. Increase in production and processing of exportable commodities with a view to increase their foreign exchange earning capacity and further diversifying the country’s export base and source of foreign exchange earnings. iii. Increase in production of agricultural raw materials to meet the growth of an expanding industrial sector. iv. Modernization of agricultural production, processing, storage and distribution through the infusion of improved technologies and management so that agriculture can be more responsive to the demand s of other sectors of the Nigerian economy. v. Creation of more agricultural and rural employment opportunities to increase income of farmers and rural dwellers, productivity absorbed and increasing labour force in the nation. These objectives are properly in agreement with the whole concept of agricultural sustainability and inter-linkage between agriculture and each of the relevant sectors of the economy. As it is usual with the specification of agricultural policy objectives from time immemorial, these objectives are clearly presented and are basically consistent with the overall strategy of diversifying the productive base of the economy for an increased foreign exchange generation, higher level of employment and productivity and improved economy recovery. Specification of policy objectives had been the most easily accomplished component of agricultural policy formulation in particular and development planning experience in the country in general. It is therefore not surprising that the specified objectives in the new policy document are indeed comprehensive and quite appropriate. 2.4POLICY EVALUATION It might be difficult to evaluate all the policies objectively given the space and the focus. However, evidence from some authors (Olayemi 1995, Olamola 1998, Garb 1998) has indicated minimal positive impact of these policies. Also, the performance of the sector is far from being fully satisfactory. The evidence of these is the decaying rural infrastructure, decline domestic and foreign investment in agriculture. In fact the  increasing withdrawal of manufacturing companies from their backward integrated agricultural ventures has reduced investment in the sector considerably. Input supply and distribution have been inefficient and most agricultural institutions are ineffective. The evidence of ineffectiveness is the scrapping in the year 2000 of some of the institutions established for agricultural production, a critical examination of the policies and there implementation over the years to show policy instability. This problem is not unconnected with the political instability in t he country. Between 1979 and 1999, the country has passed through five military and civilian regimes. In between the minister of agriculture at the federal level and the various commissioners for agriculture at the state level were changed several times on the average of one per two years. Several policy measures were stated and changed without sufficient rating for policy effect or result. 2.4.1POLICY INCONSISTENCIES. With respect to agricultural production, the sector has passed through several periods of production and unbridled opening up for competition. It has also passed through eras of no government and less government involvement in direct agricultural production. The consistencies of policy transparency, leads to poor implementation and mismanagement of policy instruments. 2.5EMPERICAL REVIEW Oji-Okoro (2011) investigate the contribution of agricultural sector on the Nigerian economic development and reveal that foreign direct investment on agriculture contribute the most (56.43), this means that for every unit of change in FDI on agriculture there is a corresponding change of 56.43 unit in GDP in Nigeria. Suleiman and Aminu (2010) conducted research on the contribution of agriculture, petroleum and manufacturing sector of the Nigerian economy and found out that agricultural sector is contributing higher than both petroleum and manufacturing sectors. The paper reveals that agriculture is contributing 1.7978 units to GDP while petroleum is contributing 1.14 units to GDP which is less than the contribution of agriculture. Awe and Ajayi (2009) conducted research on the diversification of the significant when the log of revenue from agriculture was tested on the revenue from agriculture. About 60 percent of the movement could be  explained in the relationship. The findings from the study further revealed that dynamic relationship exists between the revenue from the non-oil sector economic development. Ekpo and Umoh (2012) revealed that the contribution of agriculture to GDP, which was 63 percent in 1960, declined to 34 percent in 1988, not because the industrial sector increased its share but due to neglect of agriculture sector. It was therefore not surprising that by 1975, the economy had become a net importer of basic food items. The apparent increase in industry and manufacturing from 1978 to 1988 was due to activities in the mining sub-sector, especially petroleum. Muhammad and (2006) conducted study on production of agriculture in Nigeria and revealed that the negative coefficient of the value (-0.07) of the food imports indicates that as food import increases, domestic agricultural production decreases. This might be due to the fact that food importation exposes the local farmers to unfair competition by foreign producers who usually take advantage of economies of scale in production due to their access to better production technology. The positive coefficient (286.91) of t he GDP growth rate indicates that increase in the GDP also moves domestic agricultural production in the same direction. This shows that increased domestic economic activity has the impact of increasing the domestic agricultural production. This may be due to the fact that most economic activity in the country is related to agriculture. The result also shows that population increases has been a major contribution to domestic agricultural production in Nigeria with the coefficient (18424.73). This may be due to the fact that majority of the populace are engaged in agriculture, meaning more hand on the farm as population increases. The coefficient of consumer price index was positive (8.49). This shows that as consumer price increases domestic agricultural production also increases’, meaning that domestic agricultural production is positively related to increase in consumer prices. This may be due to the fact that increase in price stimulates supply on the farmer’s side leading to more production of food. More agro-processing activities must therefore be embarked upon in order that farmers may be able to dispose of their produce at fairly reasonable prices. The result of the coefficient (0.04) of government expenditure was positive, that is domestic agricultural production is positively related to increase in government expenditure, meaning that as government expends more on agriculture, domestic  agricultural production also increases. The reason why it was not significant might be due to the fact that government has not been investing so much on agriculture over the years.